The abstractions that are the second order questions will be arrived at from elsewhere, thus your discussion of owning can be on the practical application side of the products of knowledge such as patents and the like, or it can deal with a theoretical discussion of what the possible meanings of owning can be. We believe that a truth is only a truth if a reason can be rendered for it. What this definition indicates is that the production of knowledge is what the Greeks called techne, and in all of those prompts that speak of the production or producing of knowledge we can be certain that the technological viewing of the world is at play. The philosophical tradition believed that there was a knowledge which was accessible through reason that was permanent and unchanging, a truth that would be true in all times and all places about the most important things. We can see its relation to what is now called algorithms. Some discussion of the certainty and reliability of mathematical knowledge will be required. To manage the world as picture we need to think in terms of quantity and measurement, the calculable. 3. In hindsight, we might say that the research into the making of atomic weaponry should not have been undertaken given the outcomes of their capabilities. 16. One may wish to take the journey down the path which discusses techne as that type of knowledge which is in another and for another and provide examples of various products of human endeavours that provide human beings with some good end or usefulness. What values and beliefs changed due to our change in our relationship to Nature could be undertaken. This evidence or explanation will find its grounds in the principle of sufficient reason. They are the creators of the shadows within Platos Cave. What counts in a project is more like a decision than a discovery; it cannot be correct or incorrect: correctness, and criteria for it, only apply within the light shed by the project i.e. What is encountered and brought to a standstill is the object. Should some knowledge not be sought on ethical grounds? World-picture, like the concept of culture, is distinctively modern. Skills are know how, what the Greeks calledtechne. What we call knowledge involves truth and judgement. If the first principle is the principle of reason, then the rest of ones discourse must be logically derived and the conclusions drawn from that principle. How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? There must be a corresponding relation or reality of the book, the table and the books place on the table. When the reason for the connection of the representations has been directed back to the I, what is represented first comes to a stand such that it is securely established as an object for the representing subject. This know how, presumably, comes from a long, broad engagement with the field which is under discussion. The Greeks had a saying: The future comes to meet us from behind and it is this future that is encapsulated in the historical development of the knowledge that preceded it. That which is animate is also included here in this determination of being as object: nothing distinguishes humans from other animals or species (Darwins Origin of Species). 2, AOK: Individuals and Societies: Supplementary Notes, AOK History: Thoughts on Systemic Racism in North America, https://open.spotify.com/show/1qLxnSGpz4EeLeWZqjXmwt, A Reading of William Blakes The Tyger: Technology as Knowing and Making, Deconstructing the November 2018 Prescribed Titles for TOK Essays, TOK: Deconstructing the November 2017 Titles, It is a logical relation between two propositions that fails to hold only if the first is true and the second is false; or it can be, Not having a complete personal knowledge of how the computer or hand phone functions is not really necessary unless they do not work and we must consult the experts to find out what has gone wrong. To that extent, we have renounced the type of description of nature that was customary for centuries and that had been valid as the self-evident goal of all exact natural science. 13. It is your job to examine the basis for these first-order claims. Obviously, the societies of which we are members determine what knowledge is and what types of knowledge will be considered valuable. The IB is one such community. People were willing, and still are willing, to pay outrageous prices for a product with Donald Trumps name on it even though the products themselves have been shown to be of an inferior quality. We do not have to look far for examples of disputes with the proper naming of things and you may find any number of them for your Exhibition. Answer (1 of 25): A value judgment must be based on knowledge, belief, or assumption (assumption as in a generalization). This prompt is one that many students will opt for as it will not be too difficult to define the types of knowledge and their use through objects or images. When infinitesimal and finite calculus come to the fore, so does the theory of aesthetics as applied to the experience of a work of art. Values involve ethics or choices and determinations of what are best ends, what is most useful primarily for the individual and also for the community; virtues involve politics, how to best live in communities. Second order claims are claims that are made about knowledge, and you will have to deal with these in evaluating the importance of the claims that you will be making. See the link: What is a work of Art? Admittedly, our mathematical formulas no longer picture nature but merely represent our own grasp of nature. This is a particularly troublesome prompt because it requires an exploration of the terms impose and ethical obligations. Can New Knowledge Change Establish Values or Beliefs - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. You have to complete the exhibition individually (no more groups) and make sure no one in your TOK class or school uses the same objects or images in their exhibition. These are subsets of the political in its essence. Anyone who has been ill or has had loved ones who have been ill could not but be grateful for the improvements that have occurred in the medical sciences such as the discovery of penicillin. While language first has to do with hearing, its purpose is to make us see the thing that is named. This is the process that you are attempting in your Exhibition, and your report to the IB on your Exhibition will demonstrate this. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? You will then find three objects or images of objects that relate to this prompt and develop your interpretation accordingly. We doubt a claim when we are lacking certainty and reliability regarding those who are making the claim, the sources of the claim, or when the things about which the claim is being made are not sufficiently justified, that is sufficient reasons have not been supplied for the claim. The development of the media from the Gutenberg press to modern social apps and the consequences of these developments is certainly a topic or theme that can be addressed here. In logic, the word correctnessis lack of contradiction, consistency. This is what you are doing with the images and objects of your Exhibition. what will be claimed and becomes knowledge. Our methodological approach has been determined prior to our access to the thing which determines what the being of the thing is in the first place. How so? Ratio and reor can mean to take something as something, such as the leafiness of the plant, the stone as stone, etc. 32. r/IBO. What is it that we value in a work of art? The IB should make IAs a part of only HL subjects. The reasons provide both the evidence and the explanation. This is really what the writings of this entire blog are about; and this is where thought begins, not where it is finished. It determines the possibilities and the potentialities of the things as disposable in some fashion for human ends. From where do these obligations stem? But even today, the principle of reason is not clearly understood as that which determines all cognition and behaviour. Our imposition on nature to bring about any ends that we may have in view presents us with challenges and dangers that are most difficult to understand and to overcome. This choice of images or objects is your own, but the truth and knowledge in the representational thinking regarding their relation to each other will not be of your doing or making. Can we do it is prior to should we do it, for we have lost any sense of should. We do not have certainty regarding our knowledge of nature, but we do have dependability and we can count on the results we achieve through our inquiring and experimentation. Join. It is assessed internally, but moderated externally. It is the unity of a subject with its predicate and the support for their being connected is the basis or ground of the judgement and provides justification for the judgement. With regard to the production of knowledge, Shakespeares The art is nature perhaps captures it best; it is what we as human beings are. The purpose for this writing on these prompts is to provoke thought regarding our understanding of what the key concepts contained in the prompts might mean. We may gain our knowledge from parents, peers, teachers or others with whom we come in contact, but this knowledge must be made our own. A reason is this sort of reason only if it is aratio,that is an account given about something that is in front of the person as a judging I and is given to this I. This putting of questions to things is our inquiring into and about the nature of the things that we know and how we know them. Infatuation is a common example, not simply for another human being but for the outward appearances of things. Technology as the principle of sufficient reason is the guideline that governs all our relations to beings including our practical relations. Production is a process of combining various material inputs and immaterial inputs in order to make something for consumption. They are multiversities because their domains of knowledge exist within various world-pictures. See prompts #19, #31.When we speak of grounds, we are speaking about whether the evidence or the explanation regarding the thing which is being spoken about is adequate or justified. For Christians, the name of God is holy, sacred, and He is not to be named because to do so would turn Him into a thing. CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment. In todays philosophical language this interpretative method is called hermeneutics, and it derives its authority from the premise that all knowledge is historical i.e. 8. But notice that the objects being spoken about must have already presented themselves to us in some fashion in order for our statements to be made about them i.e. Useful to/for whom? Bookmark. For Plato, the truelogosis silent to the soul which does not have the possibility of hearing it i.e. It is what you are doing in your Exhibition which we can say is an event. World-view comes from the German Weltanschauung which is formed from Welt, world, and Anschauung, view, etc., and means view of, outlook on, the world. Our tragic literature, on the other hand, demonstrates the implications of the lack of self-knowledge in its heroes actions which ultimately lead to their demise in most cases. the permanent, unchanging things in contrast to the things that change. TOK. It is what we call research, a searching again for what has been lost. The language and engagement in the conversation that is dialecticis not the attempt to out-argue someone, but getting ones partner in the conversation to open their eyes and see; dialectic is possible between friends, not between rivals; dialectic is not political. This is the contradiction we live within. The handing over of knowledge is done through language and this language may be in the form of speech, numbers, or images/representations. When we speak of bias we usually mean that it is the particular leaning one may have in order to bring about a pre-determined outcome, the production or bringing forth of which is determined to be a good end. The axioms, principles, rules, laws, etc. This origin usually deals with the question of motion or movement so the question is raised From where, originally, did the change or motion come from? An explanation is a scientific account of a thing, and by this we mean that sufficient reasons have been given for its being the way it is. Each historical age has its own particular concept of greatness; and our concept of greatness is purely quantitative, the gigantic not only gigantic monuments, but the traversal of vast distances at immense velocities, etc. -There were cruel beliefs linked with this system. That things are exactly measurable: this is a priori for mathematical physics, and this is what counts for mathematical physics. But what about the things that are about us? The Theory of Knowledge Exhibition Prompts The TOK Exhibition (also sometimes called the TOK IA) counts for one-third of your marks in the course. Much like the fruit of a cherry tree is not the essence of the tree, the material tools of technology are not its essence. It is obvious that such seeing of possibilities and potentialities is dependent upon the techneof the technological viewing and those who proceed with unethical actions will do so because they believe some personal end which will bring about their own personal eudaimoniaor happiness will be the result, and they will do so under a sense of duty or be just following the orders of their superiors. Such a precedence was not present in the early Greek understanding of truth and, subsequently, what we understand as knowledge is not how the Greeks understood knowledge. The acronyms and the specialized language in use in those communities are not things that those outside of the community are familiar with. We call them universities but this is a misnomer. That we do not know in the traditional sense does not matter: what matters is the reliability of the results. The counting on and relying on are the metaphysics that undergird what is the essence of technology as it is defined in these writings. You might begin by examining how the word values is itself an example of the great change that occurred during that period we call the Renaissance when human beings became the centre of the things that are, with the consequence that we have the rise of the age of humanism. Works of art, poems, and tragedies are all perceived as things, and the manner of our questioning about them is done through research, the calculation that determines why the things/the works are as they are through historical studies. Modern science experiences the demand to render sufficient reasons as a crisis currently. It is commonly understood that people who are more knowledgeable in political realm. they may provide a better description of the whence of the objects under examination. There is no Greek world-picture: human beings are at the beck and call of Being. The human observer becomes part of the system that is being investigated in the experiment and, ultimately, determines its outcome. If it is not, it is subjective. The principle to render sufficient reasons becomes the unconditional demand to render mathematically technically computable grounds for all that is: total rationalization. Logos is a reckoning that orients ourselves to some other thing i.e. The principle of reason demands the universal and total reckoning up of everything as something calculable. Knowledge as truth indicates that some thing has been brought to light, has been revealed and this we consider a fact; but it is only a fact within the theoretical viewing or system that has brought it to light as such. it is the point of something, the purpose or end goal of something from which we can add up the parts to make a whole. The providing ofsufficient reasons is what we consider to be a good justification for a claim. Current knowledge and historical knowledge is shown through the transition and transformation of language: language addresses itself to human beings in words that conceal the genuine face of Being. The Natural Sciences: Historical Background. Can you explain it? In your analysis of your chosen prompt, you need to determine whether or not it is a first-order question and therefore a description or explanation, or whether or not it is a second order question and therefore involves the nature of knowledge, the type of knowledge involved, and how we know. New knowledge can change established values and beliefs in many different ways. Enjoy!Links & fact checks can be found on www.TOKTalk.org. They were brought to their current prominence by the German sociologist/philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey, the man considered to be the father of the modern understanding of the human sciences. Hence, is it our ethical duty that our thoughts, beliefs and values evolve over time when new information comes to light? Now they are contrasted with mere observation and description, guided by no mathematical anticipation. Various communities of knowers establish world-pictures in which only those in the know are able to participate. That human beings exist: this is a priori for all knowledge, including the knowledge you will uncover in your Exhibition.
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