Primary sources are first-hand evidence related to the time or event you are investigating.This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.. [87], Sulla's ability to use military force against his own countrymen was "in many ways a continuation of the Social War a civil war between former allies and friends developed into a civil war between citizens what was eroded in the process was the fundamental distinction between Romans and foreign enemies". Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. be determined. [94] While Rome was preparing to move against Pontus, Mithridates arranged the massacre of some eighty thousand Roman and Italian expatriates and their families, confiscating any available properties. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . [49] At this meeting, Sulla was told by a Chaldean seer that he would die at the height of his fame and fortune. Keep in mind as you use this website, the Web is always changing and evolving. Or he could attempt to reverse it and regain his command. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. Primary sources are first-hand accounts of events. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. Sulla can be seen as setting the precedent for Julius Caesar's dictatorship, and for the eventual end of the Republic under Augustus. [22] His first wife was called either Ilia or Julia. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. His family was patrician, part of the ruling class in ancient Rome. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. It was not until he was in his very late forties and almost past the age . At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. He attempted to mitigate this by passing laws to limit the actions of generals in their provinces, and although these laws remained in effect well into the imperial period, they did not prevent determined generals, such as Pompey and Julius Caesar, from using their armies for personal ambition against the Senate, a danger of which Sulla was intimately aware. Copyright statement. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla that "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit," further alleging that many of the murdered victims had nothing to do with Sulla, though Sulla killed them to "please his adherents.". Sulla marched to Praeneste and forced its siege to a close, with the younger Marius dead from suicide before its surrender. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. [73] The consuls, fearful of intimidation of Sulpicius and his armed bodyguards, declared a suspension of public business (iustitium) which led to Sulpicius and his mob forcing the consuls to flee. Sulla, hearing this, feigned an attack while instructing his men to fraternise with Scipio's army. Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. [146] An epitaph, which Sulla composed himself, was inscribed onto the tomb, reading, "No friend ever served me, and no enemy ever wronged me, whom I have not repaid in full. A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. Ancient accounts of Sulla's death indicate that he died from liver failure or a ruptured gastric ulcer (symptomized by a sudden hemorrhage from his mouth, followed by a fever from which he never recovered), possibly caused by chronic alcohol abuse. When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. Sulla, in southern Italy, operated largely defensively on Lucius Julius Caesar's flank while the consul conducted offensive campaigning. [17], One story, "as false as it is charming", relates that when Sulla was a baby, his nurse was carrying him around the streets, until a strange woman walked up to her and said, "Puer tibi et reipublicae tuae felix", which can be translated as, "The boy will be a source of luck to you and your state". Primary Sources Sallust. [85], After the elections, Sulla forced the consuls designate to swear to uphold his laws. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. N.S. The Acropolis was then besieged. Wikipedia entry. A primary source is a first-hand or contemporary account of an event or topic. Yes, if the painting originated at the time it depicts, then it is a primary source. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. [76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). Primary Source 10. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature. He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force. [113], Sulla crossed the Adriatic for Brundisium in spring of 83BC with five legions of Mithridatic veterans, capturing Brundisium without a fight. Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. National Library Services to Schools has developed a suite of primary source analysis tools specifically for Aotearoa New Zealand schools. [81] He sent his army back to Capua[82] and then conducted the elections for that year, which yielded a resounding rejection of him and his allies. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or 'primary research' are original research experiments, studies, or . [139][140], Sulla's goal now was to write his memoirs, which he finished in 78 BC, just before his death. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". He's remembered best for bringing his soldiers into Rome, the killing of Roman citizens, and his military skill in several areas. Sulla then duly besieged the city. This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. was a major figure in the late Roman Republic. . Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. Learning in Black and White. . Revised on November 11, 2022. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days. In the decades before Sulla had become dictator, Roman politics became increasingly violent. Years later, in 91BC, Bocchus paid for the erection of gilded equestrian statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful. [42], Victorious, Marius and Catulus were both granted triumphs as the commanding generals. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. [110], After peace was reached, Sulla advanced on Fimbria's forces, which deserted their upstart commander. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. But it was from 59, Nero's fifth year as emperor that things started to go seriously . [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) Newspapers. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. He was also notorious for his personal relationships . He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. [43] Refusing to stand for an aedileship (which, due to its involvement in hosting public games, was extremely expensive), Sulla became a candidate for the praetorship in 99BC. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. In 89BC, one of the tribunes of the plebs passed the lex Plautia Papiria, which granted citizenship to all of the allies (with exception for the Samnites and Lucanians still under arms). During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with Nicopolis, who also was older than him. You can use the following terms to search HOLLIS for primary sources:. The hundreds of thousands of men who enlisted . [145], His public funeral in Rome (in the Forum, in the presence of the whole city) was on a scale unmatched until that of Augustus in AD 14. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. "[156], He was said to have a duality between being charming, easily approachable, and able to joke and cavort with the most simple of people, while also assuming a stern demeanor when he was leading armies and as dictator. His troops prepared the ground by starting to dig a series of three trenches, which successfully contained Pontic cavalry. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. Social War, also called Italic War, or Marsic War, (90-89 bc), rebellion waged by ancient Rome's Italian allies (socii) who, denied the Roman franchise, fought for independence. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. National Archives Catalog Find online primary source materials for classroom & student projects from the National Archive's online catalog (OPA).
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